std::exit

 

C++

Language

Standard library headers

Concepts

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Algorithms library

Iterators library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

Technical Specifications

 

Utilities library

Type support (basic types, RTTI, type traits)

Dynamic memory management

Error handling

Program utilities

Variadic functions

Date and time

Function objects

initializer_list (C++11)

bitset

hash (C++11)

Relational operators

rel_ops::operator!=rel_ops::operator>rel_ops::operator<=rel_ops::operator>=

Pairs and tuples

pair

tuple (C++11)

piecewise_construct_t (C++11)

piecewise_construct (C++11)

integer_sequence (C++14)

Swap, forward and move

swap

exchange (C++14)

forward (C++11)

move (C++11)

move_if_noexcept (C++11)

Type operations

declval (C++11)

as_const (C++17)

 

Program support utilities

Program termination
abort exit quick_exit (C++11) _Exit (C++11)	atexit at_quick_exit (C++11) EXIT_SUCCESSEXIT_FAILURE
Communicating with the environment
system	getenv
Signals
signal raise sig_atomic_t	SIG_DFLSIG_IGN SIG_ERR
Signal types
SIGABRTSIGFPESIGILLSIGINTSIGSEGVSIGTERM
Non-local jumps
setjmp
longjmp
Types
jmp_buf

 

Defined in header <cstdlib>
void exit( int exit_code );		(until C++11)
[[noreturn]] void exit( int exit_code );		(since C++11)

Causes normal program termination to occur.

Several cleanup steps are performed:

1) destructors of objects with static storage duration are called in reverse order of completion of their constructors or the completion of their dynamic initialization, and the functions passed to std::atexit are called in reverse order they are registered (last one first). a) any static objects whose initialization was completed before the call to std::atexit for some function F will be destroyed after the call to F during program termination. b) any static objects whose construction began after the call to std::atexit for some function F will be destroyed before the call to F during program termination (this includes the case where std::atexit was called from the constructor of the static object)

(until C++11)

1) The destructors of objects with thread local storage duration, the destructors of objects with static storage duration, and the functions registered with std::atexit are executed concurrently, while maintaining the following guarantees: a) The last destructor for thread-local objects is sequenced-before the first destructor for a static object b) If the completion of the constructor or dynamic initialization for thread-local or static object A was sequenced-before thread-local or static object B, the completion of the destruction of B is sequenced-before the start of the destruction of A c) If the completion of the initialization of a static object A was sequenced-before the call to std::atexit for some function F, the call to F during termination is sequenced-before the start of the destruction of A d) If the call to std::atexit for some function F was sequenced-before the completion of initialization of a static object A, the start of the destruction of A is sequenced-before the call to F during termination. e) If a call to std::atexit for some function F1 was sequenced-before the call to std::atexit for some function F2, then the call to F2 during termination is sequenced-before the call to F1

(since C++11)

• In the above,

• if any function registered with atexit or any destructor of static/thread-local object throws an exception, std::terminate is called
• if the compiler opted to lift dynamic initialization of an object to the static initialization phase of non-local initialization, the sequencing of destruction honors its would-be dynamic initialization.
• If a function-local (block-scope) static object was destroyed and then that function is called from the destructor of another static object and the control flow passes through the definition of that object (or if it is used indirectly, via pointer or reference), the behavior is undefined.
• if a function-local (block-scope) static object was initialized during construction of a subobject of a class or array, it is only destroyed after all subobjects of that class or all elements of that array were destroyed.

2) all C streams are flushed and closed

3) files created by std::tmpfile are removed

4) control is returned to the host environment. If exit_code is 0 or EXIT_SUCCESS, an implementation-defined status indicating successful termination is returned. If exit_code is EXIT_FAILURE, an implementation-defined status indicating unsuccessful termination is returned. In other cases implementation-defined status value is returned.

Stack is not unwound: destructors of variables with automatic storage durations are not called.

Relationship with the main function

Returning from the the main function, either by a return statement or by reaching the end of the function performs the normal function termination (calls the destructors of the variables with automatic storage durations) and then executes std::exit, passing the argument of the return statement (or ​0​ if implicit return was used) as exit_code.

Parameters

exit_code

-

exit status of the program

Return value

(none)

Example

Run this code

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
 
class Static {
public:
 
    ~Static() 
    {
        std::cout << "Static dtor\n";
    }
};
 
class Local {
public:
    ~Local() 
    {
        std::cout << "Local dtor\n";
    }
};
 
Static static_variable; // dtor of this object *will* be called
 
void atexit_handler()
{
    std::cout << "atexit handler\n";
}
 
int main()
{
    Local local_variable; // dtor of this object will *not* be called
    const int result = std::atexit(atexit_handler); // handler will be called
 
    if (result != 0) {
        std::cerr << "atexit registration failed\n";
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
 
    std::cout << "test\n";
    std::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}

Output:

test
atexit handler
Static dtor

See also

abort	causes abnormal program termination (without cleaning up) (function)
atexit	registers a function to be called on std::exit() invocation (function)
quick_exit (C++11)	causes quick program termination without completely cleaning up (function)
C documentation for exit