explicit specifier

 

C++

Language

Standard library headers

Concepts

Utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Algorithms library

Iterators library

Numerics library

Input/output library

Localizations library

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Atomic operations library (C++11)

Thread support library (C++11)

Technical Specifications

 

C++ language

 

Classes

General

overview

class/struct types

union types

Members

data members

static members

the this pointer

nested classes

member templates

bit fields

using-declarations

member functions

member access specifiers

constructors and member initializer lists

default member initializer(C++11)

friend specifier

explicit specifier

converting constructor

Special member functions

default constructor

copy constructor

move constructor(C++11)

copy assignment operator

move assignment operator(C++11)

destructor

Inheritance

base and derived classes

virtual member functions

override(C++11)

final(C++11)

pure virtual functions and abstract classes

 

Specifies constructors and conversion operators (since C++11) that don't allow implicit conversions or copy-initialization.

Syntax

explicit class_name ( params )	(1)
explicit operator type ( ) (since C++11)	(2)

1) specifies that this constructor is only considered for direct initialization (including explicit conversions)

2) specifies that this user-defined conversion function is only considered for direct initialization (including explicit conversions)

Notes

A constructor with a single non-default parameter (until C++11) that is declared without the function specifier explicit is called a converting constructor.

An explicit default constructor can be used to perform both default initialization and value initialization: the use of explicit with a default constructor has no effect unless it has default arguments that would allow it to be used in copy-initialization context.

Both constructors (other than copy/move) and user-defined conversion functions may be function templates; the meaning of explicit doesn't change.

Example

Run this code

struct A
{
    A(int) {} // converting constructor
    A(int, int) {} // converting constructor (C++11)
    operator int() const { return 0; }
};
 
struct B
{
    explicit B(int) {}
    explicit B(int, int) {}
    explicit operator int() const { return 0; }
};
 
int main()
{
    A a1 = 1; // OK: copy-initialization selects A::A(int)
    A a2(2); // OK: direct-initialization selects A::A(int)
    A a3 {4,5}; // OK: direct-list-initialization selects A::A(int, int)
    A a4 = {4,5}; // OK: copy-list-initialization selects A::A(int, int)
    int na1 = a1; // OK: copy-initialization selects A::operator int()
    int na2 = static_cast<int>(a1); // OK: static_cast performs direct-initialization
    A a5 = (A)1; // OK: explicit cast performs static_cast
 
//  B b1 = 1; // Error: copy-initialization does not consider B::B(int)
    B b2(2); // OK: direct-initialization selects B::B(int)
    B b3 {4,5}; // OK: direct-list-initialization selects B::B(int, int)
//  B b4 = {4,5}; // Error: copy-list-initialization does not consider B::B(int,int)
//  int nb1 = b2; // Error: copy-initialization does not consider B::operator int()
    int nb2 = static_cast<int>(b2); // OK: static_cast performs direct-initialization
    B b5 = (B)1; // OK: explicit cast performs static_cast
}