1	581305-6 Tietokoneen toiminta (Computer Organization I) Teemu Kerola Helsingin yliopisto Tietojenkäsittelytieteen laitos Spring 2007
2	Computer Organization I Course area and goals Course learning methods Study circle course Web course Ttk-91 example computer Titokone simulator TitoTrainer environment Computer Organization I vs. II
3	Learning Goals To understand basic features of a computer system, from the point of view of the executing program To understand, how a computer systems executes the program given to it To understand the storage methods and locations of the program code and data To understand the execution time program presentation To understand the role and basic functionalities of the operating system The goal is learning, not credit units, or passing start preparations for the course exam now!
4	What good is it for? Program execution speed is based on machine instructions executed by the processor (CPU), and not in the program presentation in high level language (C, Pascal, Java) Understanding higher level topics is easier, once one first understands what happens at lower levels of the system
5	Topic Dependencies
6	Dependencies Between Courses
7	CO-I (4 op), Credit options Web course based on study circles starting lecture, summary lecture Web lectures, text books, practice problems Titokone, Titotrainer In study circles homeworks, discussion problems, projects Group meetings (with instructors and others), Web discussions, chats (peer students, instructors) Course exam Final exam Text books [Stal06 ja Tane06] Programming with ttk-91 symbolic assembly language Titokone, TitoTrainer
8	Study circles Group work, team work It is better to study in a team than alone Peer student support Study circles formed in the first group meeting Student centred learning The student has responsibility on learning Instructor facilitate learning Instructors give good environment for learning Four types of team work Solving homework problems independently and then discussing them in study circles Discussions problems in web discussion groups Projects Any other co-operative work for this course
9	Creation of Study Circles Possibly the largest problem in study circle courses ”Jack promised, but did not do and he was not accessible. And then Mary did most of it. This is not right! Boohoo!” Study circles are formed in the 1st group meeting Goals should be similar easy in real life: ”you will finish it or …” Think about your goals before the 1st group meeting do i want to make the extra project? do i want to learn a lot, or just pass the course? Discuss and agree on common goals before agreeing on forming a study circle finally, sign the ”Study Circle Contract” Keep up with your agreement inform the study circle immediately, if you will not continue get quickly rid of students who do not work as agreed on
10	Web course Significant part of the course is in web Web lectures, practice problems, TitoTrainer problems Discussion rooms, chats (peer students, instructors) Information, slide copies, problems, results Web course ≠ distance learning Starting lecture and final lecture in lecture hall Weekly group meetings at the CS dept Other study circle meetings at the CS dept Some learning modules can be done remotely via web
11	Web lectures Self study material in web, just for learning Like a lecture, but own pace Like a book, but with sound and animations No bookkeeping on material use No direct credit for course grade Material production Teemu Kerola 2004-2005 Macromedia Authorware software Use Browser plug-in in Windows CS dept, home Windows-server in Linux environments at CS dept
12	Practice Problems Practice problems Self evaluation Do it only after youthink you know the material Do I understand it now? Check only some part of the material, no quarantees! Use of it does not directly affect your grade No bookkeeping on material use No credit toward course grade
13	Homework problems Just like normal homework problems Learning happens when you solve the problems and discuss them Study topic area first before trying out the problems Work on th eproblems independently before discussing them Reading a complete solution or giving one to peer student is wasting a good problem! Homework problems are discussed at Study circle own meetings before group meetings Group meetings with the instructor As much as needed Study circles present the solutions to other study circles Affect your grade You get homework points (hwp) for completed problems Only for those present in group meetings
14	Ttk-91 Example Computer Auvo Häkkinen, 1991 Tietokoneen toiminta –kurssi 1991 Simple computer architecture Level just perfect for this course Simple (symbolic) assembly language Easy to learn, not too many machine instructions Good for the course goals Goals Understand, what type of code the processor uses Understand, how the system executes programs
15	Titokone Java program, that simulates the ttk-91 computer and its operating system Works the same way as a real hardware implementation of a ttk-91 architecture and its operating system Original design and implementation Software development project Koski, Spring 2004 Contains ttk-91 symbolic assembly language assembler ttk-91 emulator, that can execute assembled ttk-91 programs Software debugger buil-in Animator that visualizes ttk-91 instruction execution Graphical user interface
16	TitoTrainer Software built “on top” of Titokone Implement ttk-91 programs or parts of them Same programs run also directly in Titokone Program correctness is checked automatically Affects your grade You get points toward your grade for completed problems
17	Discussion problems Like normal homework problems, but they are discussed in the web discussion room internal to this study circle Goal is learning, achieved by discussion Learning occurs when considering and writing down own text, and when reading other student’s text Implemented in CSMoodlen study circle discussion rooms Discussion have a deadline Discussion are stored and they stay visible during the course Affect the grade Instructor will evaluate the discussion and give points for it The discussion is evaluated individually by student basis, with homework points
18	Projects Projects requiring more team work Come up with a new practice problem Write software, or write an article Goal is deeper understanding on some topics Other course components may be needed as background knowledge Web lectures, text books, homeworks, discussion problems Affect your grade Instructor evaluates the report You get project points (pp) in three parts Basic points (3 pp) for just completing the project (for 8 pp project) Grade (1-5 pp) depending on the quality of work Participation points (max ±2 pp) based on you participation Study circle determines this part!
19	Extra project Fullfils learning goals for exam feedback Exam feedback events have had small turnout, and exams have not been used as learning methods Evaluate and reflect (what did you do, observe, and feel) Course exam The whole course Affects your grade Same way as other projects Points (pp) are completely extra, you can get excellent grade also without this project
20	Completing a web course based on study circles Study weekly topics Self study with web lectures Learn the basics well from lectures Read the text book the same topics, with different approach Check your learning with self evaluation Do practice problems, homeworks, TitoTrainer problems Participate in study circle Discuss homeworks Discussion problems in web Weekly group meeting Continue projects Study circle meet face-to-face or in the web Take course exam Do extra project with your study circle
21	Evaluation Self evaluation Practice problem after each topic Do not affect your grade Homeworks, discussion and TitoTrainer problems every week Do I understand or not? What is there still to learn and how do I do it?? Affect your grade Course exam Give a fixed time goal for learning Covers all topics given in course description Topics learned in independent study as well as in study circle work using various learning methods Evaluates learning Most of the grade based on this Must reach certain level (50%) to pass the course
22	Grading Good work is awarded Diligence and knowledge is awarded Course component maximum grade points
23	Learning material Lectures 0 ja 12 (lecture notes pdf’s in web) Web lectures 1-11 in Finnish and 1-3 in English (in web) Text books Stallings: Computer Organization and Architecture, 7th Ed., 2006 Tanenbaum: Structured Computer Organization, 5th Ed, 2006 Practice problems (in web) Titokone simulator & TitoTrainer (in web) Homeworks (in web) Discussion problems (in web) Projects (in web) Schedule page and study circle instructions CSMoodle Discussion rooms, chat rooms, project turn-ins Course exam (results in web)
24	WWW Information Course home page http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/Teemu.Kerola/tito/ Course schedule .../tito/k2007/aikatauluE.html Everything is found linked to here CSMoodle http://moodle.cs.helsinki.fi/ Everything is found also linked to here Everyone needs CSMoodle id’s Part of material is in CS departmental Intranet Web lectures (Authorware) Practice problems Course statistics (hwp, pp, exam points) Everyone need CS dept id’s Those minoring in CS must first have the UNIX-id (so called cc-id) from the University IT department, obtained from your own department
25	Course contents Lecture 0: Course contents, structure, and organization Weblecture 1: System structure Weblecture 2: Ttk-91 and the simulator for it Weblecture 3: Assembly language programming Weblecture 4: Assembly language subroutine implementation Weblecture 5: CPU and bus Weblecture 6: Data presentation Weblecture 7: Error recovery and internal memory Weblecture 8: Program implementation in the system Weblecture 9: External memory, I/O Weblecture 10: Compilation, linking and loading Weblecture 11: Interpretation and emulation Lecture 12: Summary
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27	Processor implementation hierarchy (2) Machine lang architecture ADD R1, R2 Modules adder, register, ALU Logical gates and, or Circuit design Power consumption, timing, wiring Implementation device tubes, transistors, mikrocircuits
28	Program execution level
29	Motto “It is not good exercise, if you do not sweat” This is not a marathon! Altogether some 12 h / week (?) + exam preparation + exam Total some 80 h / 2 sw course (2 work weeks) Total some 107 t / 4 cu course