¹³Going further, it has been claimed that ”the whole is different from its parts”, especially by the Gestalt school of perceptual psychology (Wagemans, 2015). For example, a set of dots that forms a (dotted) straight line (such as ) can be perceived as a straight line only, completely forgetting the fact that it is composed of the dots; thus the line and the dots are two different things in the sense of two different ways of perceiving the same stimulus.