³Epictetus recommends to “behave conformably to nature in reaction to how things appear” (The Enchiridion, Paragraph 6), see also the discussion on Marcus Aurelius by Hadot (2002), as well as Sextus Empiricus’s Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 1.23. Laotse (Laozi) recommends “nonaction” or “effortless action”—a highly complex concept with many interpretations. According to Chan (2018), it “seems to be used more broadly as a contrast against any form of action characterized by self-serving desire”; “nonaction would be ’normal’ action in the pristine order of nature, in which the mind is at peace, free from the incessant stirring of desire.” Such natural action is closely related, in our cognitive terminology, to automated action selection as in habits. Automated action does lead to some frustration according to our RPE theory, but it seems to be weak as argued in Chapter 9. From an alternative viewpoint, such acting naturally could mean that any attempt to control is minimized by choosing courses of action which are in harmony with the environment; this interpretation does not, however, explain where the ultimate motivation for action comes from. In any case, it seems important that such natural action is still constrained by sound moral principles, so that it does not mean just doing whatever one feels like.