³¹(Beran et al., 2012; Proust, 2010; Fleming et al., 2012). An increase in metacognition is one of the more robust findings in studies of mindfulness training (Lao et al., 2016). Interestingly, one important function of metacognition is assessing the uncertainty of perceptions and cognitions (Fleming, 2024); presumably uncontrollability and even unsatisfactoriness have a similar link to metacognition.