⁷Maslow (1941) even proposes that mere “deprivation” in itself does not have the negative effects attributed to frustration, but only when it is at the same time “a threat to the personality, that is, to the life goals of the individual, to his defensive system, to his self-esteem or to his feeling of security.” Frustration of self-needs is closely related to such threats as was discussed in Chapter 6.