⁴Rhetoric, II.5, translated by W. Rhys Roberts, with my italics. This is often abbreviated as “Fear is pain arising from the anticipation of evil.” We might also consider Cicero’s “fear is an uneasy (anxious) apprehension of future grief” (Tusculan Disputations, 5. XVII, translated by C. D. Yonge, with alternative wording in parenthesis by A. P. Peabody). This can be compared with the discussion on various definitions of threat in footnote 5 in this chapter. In some parts of the literature, a distinction is made between fear and anxiety, where fear refers to a “immediate” and “imminent” threat, while anxiety is more “future-oriented” and about “uncertain” threats (Chand and Marwaha, 2023; LeDoux and Pine, 2016); however, I see no need to make such a distinction since it seems to be simply a question of different time scales.