⁸It is not my goal here to define what self is, I am merely considering how phenomena typically associated with “self” are related to suffering, amplifying or even producing it. In fact, there is some ambiguity in this chapter regarding whether self in, say, self-evaluation is the target of evaluation or the system that evaluates; and whether self-evaluation can be seen as a process that somehow leads to the emergence of self. Similar ambiguities hold for self-preservation, as well as the further discussions of self-related phenomena in later chapters, in particular, self as control in Chapter 13 and self-awareness in Chapter 14. This ambiguity may be related to the distinction between the “I” and “me” aspects of self, i.e. self as subject or object, proposed by William James.